[INFO] Obat Kumur Picu Kanker Mulut

[Anestan]

Untuk menjaga kebersihan mulut dan gigi, selain rajin menggosok gigi, kita juga terbiasa berkumur dengan obat kumur antiseptik. Dengan obat kumur, mulut terasa lebih bersih dan segar.

Tapi, tahukah Anda, penggunaan obat kumur yang berlebihan bisa memicu timbulnya kanker mulut?

Penelitian terbaru di Australia menyebutkan bahwa obat kumur berperan besar meningkatkan risiko kanker mulut. Profesor Oral dan Gigi dari Melbourne University, Michael McCullough mengungkapkan, obat kumur yang mengandung alkohol bisa memudahkan berkembangnya sel kanker mulut.

McCullough melakukan penelitian terhadap 3200 orang, dan menemukan bahwa kadar etanol (alhokol) dalam obat kumur membuat sel kanker lebih mudah berkembang, seperti halnya nikotin.

"Tak ada risiko yang lebih besar yang menyebabkan kanker mulut selain penggunaan obat kumur beralkohol," katanya.

Obat kumur beralkohol juga memproduksi acetaldehyde yang telah diidentifikasikan sebagai salah satu pemicu kanker di tubuh manusia. McCulloughmenganjurkan, obat kumur beralkohol sebaiknya tidak digunakan dalam jangka panjang.

Dr Philip Stemmer dari London's Fresh Breath Clinic memiliki pendapat sama. Menurutnya, sebaiknya penggunaan obat kumur beralkohol dihentikan.

"Saya melihat tidak ada manfaatnya obat kumur menggunakan alkohol. Saya merekomendasikan obat kumur non-alkohol kepada pasien saya," ujarnya.

Namun salah satu pihak produsen obat kumur membantah penelitian tersebut. Mereka mengatakan bahwa setidaknya 10 penelitian dalam tiga decade terakhir tidak membuktikan bahwa obat kumur beralkohol bisa meningkatkan risiko kanker mulut.

Agar lebih aman, sebaiknya Anda memilih obat kumur yang bebas alkohol. Obat kumur untuk anak biasanya bebas alkohol, sehingga aman untuk kesehatan gigi dan mulut.

sumber: VIVAnews.com

[hatRed]

yg berbahaya alkoholnya apa obat kumur + alkohol

[FZ]

Alkohol di sini selain sebagai pelarut.. juga berfungsi sebagai komponen zat aktifnya.

Ini abstract hasil penelitian dari FKG UGM..

Many components of fixed orthodontic appliance that can cause food
debris and plaque are difficult to be cleaned, so that oral hygiene is a problem that
must be paid attention by a patient and the operator. For optimal result, tooth
cleaning is not only by brushing the tooth but using mouthwash as well. The
purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness among mouthwashes
with different alcohol content for inhibit plaque accumulation in the patients with
fixed orthodontic appliance.
This research was clinical experimental with same subject design,
systematic random sampling, double blind method conducted in 30 patients with
3rd stage Begg method fixed orthodontic appliance at Orthodontic Clinic, Faculty
of Dentistry, Gadjah Mada University. Tooth surface was scored with PHP
(Personal Hygiene Performance) Index which modified by Jackson and Orthod
(1991). Each sample got three treatments by using mouthwash with alcohol
concentration of 9% (treatment I), 21.60% (treatment II), and 26.75% (treatment
III).
The result of one-way ANOVA showed that there were significant
differences between treatment I, II and III (P<0.05). T-test analysis at 95%
confidence interval showed that there were significant differences between
treatment I and II, I and III also II and III. Conclusion of this research was that
mouthwash with 26.75% alcohol concentration has a good criteria according to
PHP Index with mean plaque score of 0.81, available in the market, and most
effective to inhibit plaque accumulation compared with mouthwash 21.60% and
9% alcohol concentration in the patients with Begg method fixed orthodontic
appliance.

Memang agak dilemma, di satu sisi, penelitian menyatakan dengan konsentrasi alkohol yang besar itu dapat membantu dalam pemberantasan akumulasi plak. Di pihak lain, saya pernah membaca memang dari hasil penelitian Australian Dentist Journal, adanya peranan alkohol dalam menginduksi terjadinya oral cancer..

[Anestan]

jadi sebaiknya boleh apa ngga nih?

[hatRed]

trus kalo minum2an beralkohol juga bisa kanker juga ga?

[FZ]

jadi sebaiknya boleh apa ngga nih?

Masih simpang siur..

Sepengetahuan saya, dari hasil penelitian itu memang dikatakan memicu kanker mulut..

Namun sayangnya hasil penelitian ini juga memiliki kelemahan, orang yang digunakan "tidak sah". Karena penelitian ini menggunakan sampelnya perokok dan peminum alkohol yang memang sudah besar resiko terkena oral cancer.

[FZ]

trus kalo minum2an beralkohol juga bisa kanker juga ga?

Oral Cancer risk factors

The main causes of oral cancer have long been known and many cases of the disease could be prevented. The most important aetiological factors are tobacco usage and excess consumption of alcohol, the two acting separately and synergistically. In developed countries, the risk of oral cancer attributable to these two factors combined is estimated to be more than 80%.1 A deficient diet also predisposes towards the development of oral cancers and it has been estimated that this may be responsible for 10-15% of cases in Europe.2 For lip cancers only, over exposure to UV light is implicated.

This page presents oral cancer risk factors including tobacco, alcohol, diet and nutrition, ultraviolet light and other factors.
Tobacco and oral cancer risk

Tobacco consumption can take many forms and over 90% of patients with oral cancer use tobacco in some form.

In the UK, cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking are the main forms of tobacco use and all are causes of oral cancer.3 In the earlier parts of the last century, pipe smoking was associated with lip cancer (most lip cancers arise on the lower lip) and its decline in popularity may be linked with some of the decrease in lip cancer. A recent case control study in Spain showed an increased risk of lip cancer when smokers were in the habit of leaving the cigarette on the lip.4 Since the 1920s smoking cigarettes has been the main form of tobacco use in the UK. According to a meta-analysis, on average current smokers have a three-fold increased risk of oral cancer.62 The risk of oral cancer associated with smoking is both dose and duration dependent while smoking cessation leads to a fall in risk.1,5,6 The excess risk of oral cancer from smoking almost disappears within 10 years of giving up, according to one review.7 However, since then a study showed that it takes more than 20 years for the risk to reduce to that of never smokers.73

In 2003, it was estimated that of the 28% of British men who smoked, 4% smoked cigars and 1% pipes.8 Very few women in the UK smoke pipes or cigars. In one case control study of oral cancer carried out in Cuba, the odds ratio associated with smoking 30 or more cigarettes a day was comparable with that for smoking 4 or more cigars a day. Indian women who practice reverse chutta smoking, with the lighted end of the cigar inside the mouth, have particularly high rates of oral cancer of the palatal mucosa.9 Smoking bidi(s) which are made of hand-rolled tobacco wrapped in tendu leaf also increases the risk of oral cancer.10

A recent evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has confirmed that smokeless tobacco is also carcinogenic.11,12 A recent meta-analysis showed a more than doubling in risk of oral cancer with use of smokeless tobacco in the United States, although no risk increase was shown for the Nordic countries. This may be due to differences in the composition of smokeless tobacco products between the United States and Northern Europe.63 In the UK and Europe (with the notable exception of Sweden) the use of smokeless tobacco is rare except in minority ethnic groups (see next paragraph).13 In the USA it is a major problem with a reported 6% of the adult male population as regular users14. In some areas, particularly the southern states, the prevalence is much higher with up to a third of young men using smokeless tobacco.15

The primary cause of the very high incidence of oral cancer in South Asia is the widespread habit of chewing betel quid (or paan) and related areca nut use.16 Chewing betel is thought to date back at least 2000 years and worldwide an estimated 200-400 million people practice the habit.17 The components of the betel quid vary between different populations but the main ingredients are the leaf of the vine, Piper betel, areca nuta, slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and spices.18 Tobacco was introduced to South Asia in the seventeenth century. Areca nut is carcinogenic to humans and the risk of oral cancer is increased with chewing paan without tobacco, although the risk is higher for paan containing tobacco.19-21,64 As with smoking tobacco, risk is dependent on dose and duration of use.22 Among Asian communities in the UK, Bangladeshis are particularly likely to retain the habit of betel quid chewing as Figure 4.1 shows with one-fifth of men and one-quarter of women using smokeless tobacco.23,24 The prevalence of tobacco chewing increases with age, especially among women. The most commonly used chewing tobacco product is paan with tobacco (used by 14% of Bangladeshi men and 23% of Bangladeshi women).
Figure 4.1: Percentage of South Asians in the UK that use any form of chewing tobacco, 1999



Although oral cancers are strongly associated with smoking, the oral cancer mortality trends in England and Wales do not match the decreasing trends in smoking (see section on Lung cancer and smoking) in the same way that lung cancer trends do. This suggests that smoking acts in a complex way, possibly with other risk factors, to promote the disease.27
Alcohol and oral cancer risk

Alcohol is the second major risk factor for oral cancer with 75-80% of patients frequently consuming alcohol. A meta-analysis reported risk ratios for alcohol intake of 25 grams/day, 50 grams/day and 100 grams/day after adjustment for smoking of 1.8, 2.9 and 6.1, respectively.65 One study showed a doubling in risk for people drinking 14 grams of alcohol/day.66 For non-smokers it is the most important risk factor.1 People who both drink and smoke have a much higher risk of oral cancer than those using only alcohol or tobacco as Figure 4.2 demonstrates using US data.28
Figure 4.2: Relative risk of oral/pharyngeal cancer in males by alcohol/tobacco consumption using US measures


Heavy drinkers and smokers have 38 times the risk of abstainers from both products.67 Risk of alcohol consumption also interacts with risk of smokeless tobacco, with a combined risk of regular alcohol consumption and tobacco chewing of 24 shown in one study.74 It has been suggested that it is the total amount of ethanol ingested rather than the type of product (beer, wine, spirits) which is important.68 . The rising trends in oral cancer mortality in Europe have been related to increasing levels of alcohol consumption. For example, in Denmark the alarming increase in oral cancers has been attributed predominantly to greater alcohol consumption.30 An exception to this rise in alcohol consumption is seen in France, where a decrease in alcohol consumption has been linked to the fall in oral cancer mortality rates in the 1980s.31

In the UK, consumption of alcohol has more than doubled since the middle of the last century, from 3.9 to 8.6 litres of pure alcohol per head per year– see Figure 4.3.32,33
Figure 4.3: Alcohol consumption in the UK, 1900-2000, per capita consumption of 100 per cent alcohol



The percentage of the population who exceed the recommended weekly guideline of 21 units for men and 14 for women is steadily rising. b In 1988 around 10% of women and 26% of men exceeded the limits compared with 18% and 30% in 2002.34 The heaviest drinkers are aged 16-24 years and this age group is also the most likely to binge drink.33

At present the UK level of drinking (8.6 litres per year) is lower than in most European countries, for example, France (10.7 litres), Portugal (11.0 litres), Spain (9.9 litres) and Germany (10.6 litres). However, whereas consumption is either falling or stabilising in most of these countries, in the UK it is rising quickly. It is estimated that if current trends continue, the UK could rise to near the top of the consumption table within the next ten years.33 Co-ordinated and funded action is needed to tackle the UK's complex drinking problems.35

Concern has also been expressed about the use of mouthwashes, particularly those with high alcoholic content.36 However, the majority of studies show no increase in risk with use of alcoholic mouthwash.59-61 69-71
Diet, nutrition and oral cancer risk

A meta-analysis showed a significant risk reduction of about 50% for each additional daily serving of fruit or vegetables.37 A large prospective study, published since this meta-analysis, showed a smaller significant risk reduction for oral cavity cancer of 26% for each additional serving of vegetables, but no association for fruit intake.38 Results may vary by smoking status, with a large case-control study showing risk reductions with the highest intake of fruit and vegetables among smokers and alcohol consumers but not among people who had never smoked or drunk alcohol.39

Risk of oral cancer appears to fall with increasing body mass index (BMI). A recent case-control study in Spain reported a significant reduction in risk of oral cancer with higher BMI at diagnosis and two years prior to diagnosis, after adjustments for smoking, drinking, fruit and vegetable intake, although the association was not significant among people who had never smoked.43 Since then, a case-control study showed a lower risk with BMI two years prior to the study among never and ever smokers.72
Ultraviolet light and oral cancer risk

Solar irradiation is a major risk factor for cancer of the lip. The vast majority of lip cancers occur on the lower lip and many patients have outdoor occupations where sun exposure is increased. Lip cancer is three times more common in men than women which may be an effect of occupation, smoking and sun-exposure.4 The use of sunscreens and protective clothing would significantly reduce exposure.
Other oral cancer risk factors

The role of viruses remains unclear. Evidence is strongest for infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), particularly HPV-16.44-47 The association is strongest for cancers of the oropharynx.71 Studies show an increased risk of oral cancer in women with previous HPV-associated anogenital cancer, providing more evidence of a link with HPV infection.48-49 Renal transplant patients have been reported to be at increased risk of developing lip cancers50 which may be a result of immunosuppression.

Several oral lesions and conditions precede oral carcinoma and the most common of these are leukoplakia and erythroplakiab. Leukoplakia has many clinical variants but is much less likely to progress to malignancy than erythroplakia. The precise prevalence of these conditions in the UK is unknown. Estimates of leukoplakia prevalence outside the UK range from 0.2 to 11.7% of the population and the prevalence of erythroplakia is considerably less.51 It has recently been estimated that the annual transformation rate of oral leukoplakia to oral squamous cell carcinoma may not exceed 1%.52 Erythroplakia is rare and mainly occurs in people aged over 60.53

People with a previous oral and pharyngeal cancer have a more than 30-fold increased risk of second oral and pharyngeal cancer, and risk remains 20-fold higher 10 or more years after the first diagnosis.25 An almost seven-fold increase in risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer has been shown after a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus, with risk remaining higher five or more years after the first diagnosis.26
Oral cancer risk in young and middle-aged adults

The rising incidence and mortality rates in young and middle-aged adults is incontrovertible, but there has been debate over the causes of this increase and whether their disease is inherently more aggressive than that occurring in older patients.48,54-56 A series of studies in southern England looking at risk factors for patients under 45 years concluded that most young patients are exposed to the traditional risk factors of tobacco smoking and alcohol while consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables is protective. 48,57,58 However, the relatively short duration of exposure to these known risk factors suggests that other factors may also be involved and there was a small sub-group of patients who had little, if any, exposure to the major risk factors.

In 1992 the Government recommended weekly limits. In 1995 this was amended to daily recommendations of 3-4 units for men and 2-3 units for women, with two non-drinking days after an episode of heavy drinking. One unit is 8g of alcohol, equivalent to half a pint of beer, one small (125ml) glass of wine and one measure of spirits. New recommendations are expected this year. The European Code against Cancer recommends lower limits of 2 drinks a day for men and 1 for women.

Source : http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/oral/riskfactors/

[hatRed]

trus kalo minum2an beralkohol juga bisa kanker juga ga?

Yup..

[FZ]

Silakan baca bro.. udah gw update artikelnya..
Saya berusaha kalau menjawab ada dasar ilmiah yang jelas..

Btw.. bro Anestan..
Thanks ya.. soal kanker mulut ini masih hanget2 dan memang menarik buat didiskusikan..
soalnya mencuat pas pertengahan tahun baru ini..

[Pitu Kecil]

kalau minuman kayak fanta, coca-cola?

[rendy]

jadi menurut bro forte, obat kumur apa yang harus digunakan di indo ini? kan ada banyak tu.

[FZ]

jadi menurut bro forte, obat kumur apa yang harus digunakan di indo ini? kan ada banyak tu.

Jujur.. kurang tahu.. saya tidak menggunakan obat kumur.. hanya menggunakan odol biasa saja.
Dan untuk pembersihan plak karang gigi.. silakan kunjungi dokter gigi saja, itu lebih aman.

[FZ]

kalau minuman kayak fanta, coca-cola?

Fanta / Coca cola tidak mengandung alkohol, tetapi carbonated water. Makanya setiap dibuka tutupnya ada suara desis yang menandakan karbon dioksida keluar.