Tidak semua unsur Jalan Mulia Berunsur Delapan untuk umat awam (puthujjana)

[dhammasiri]

Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa Jalan Mulia Berunsur Delapan sangat penting untuk dipraktikkan. Mulai dari Sammā-diṭṭhi hingga sammā samādhi, semuanya adalah penting. Tidak ada yang bisa diremehkan, atau dikesampingkan. Hanya saja, Prof. Oliver Abeynayake bersikukuh bahwa berdasarkan referensi yang ada, hanya unsur pertama hingga keempat--sammā-diṭṭhi, sammā saṅkappa, sammā vāca, sammā kammanta--adalah untuk umat awam (puthujjana) dan juga para biarawan dan ariyasāvaka (Noble disciple). Selebihnya, yaitu sammā ājīva, sammā vāyama, sammā sati dan sammā samādhi-- adalah dikhususkan untuk para biarawan dan ariyasāvaka. Beliau melihat bahwa telah terjadi kesalahan dalam penafsiran oleh para modern scholar. Modern scholar umumnya mendefinisikan sammāājīva sebagai penghindaran lima macam perdagangan yang salah. Lima hal itu adalah menjual daging, senjata yang dipergunakan untuk membunuh, manusia, racun, dan minuman yang mampu melemahkan kesadaran. Padahal, tidak ada satu pun referensi semacam ini dalam Tipitaka. Definisi yang diberikan dalam Tipitaka tentang sammāājīva adalah oposit dari micchāājīva. Dalam hal ini, micchāājīva didefinisikan sebagai berikut:
Katamo ca, bhikkhave, micchāājīvo? Kuhanā, lapanā, nemittikatā, nippesikatā, lābhena lābhaṃ nijigīsanatā – ayaṃ, bhikkhave, micchāājīvo.
What Monks is wrong livelihood? Scheming, talking, hinting, belittling, pursuing gain with gain--this is monks wrong livelihood. [M. III, 75]
Sammāājīva adalah untuk ariyasāvaka:
‘‘Katamo cāvuso, sammāājīvo? Idhāvuso, ariyasāvako micchāājīvaṃ pahāya sammāājīvena jīvikaṃ kappeti, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘sammāājīvo’’’.
Semantara itu, tiga unsur yang lainnya, sangat jelas didefinisikan untuk para bhikkhu. Dalam setiap definisi, kata bhikkhu disebutkan:
Katamo cāvuso, sammāvāyāmo? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu anuppannānaṃ....
Katamā cāvuso, sammāsati? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu kāye ....
Katamo cāvuso, sammāsamādhi? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu vivicceva ....

Yang menjadi petanyaan:
1. Apakah umat awam (puthujjana) perlu mempraktikkan Jalan Mulia Berunsur Delapan?
2. Kalau memang perlu, apakah yang menjadi landasan berpikir anda?

[Peacemind]

Dalam Pāyāsi Sutta dari Dīghanikāya, dalam nasehatnya kepada Pangeran Pāyāsi, Bhikkhu Kassapa mengatakan sebagai berikut:

"O Pangeran, ketika upacara korban tidak melibatkan pembunuhan sapi, kambing, ayam atau binatang2 lainnya, dan ketika peserta upacara korban tersebut memiliki pandangan benar, pikiran benar, ucapan benar, perbuatan jasmani benar, mata pencaharian benar, semangat benar, perhatian benar dan konsentrasi benar, upacara korban tersebut akan menghasilkan buah  dan manfaat yang besar".

Terlepas dari definisi umum faktor2 dalam Jalan Mulia ini, kalimat singkat di atas menunjukkan bahwa  Jalan Mulia Berunsur Delapan bisa dimiliki oleh siapa saja baik bhikkhu maupun umat awam, dan baik puthujjana maupun seorang ariya. Mengapa dalam konteks ini saya katakan bahwa umat awam juga berhak mempraktikkan Jalan ini? Karena umumnya yang mengikuti upacara korban adalah umat awam, bukan seorang bhikkhu.

Juga perlu diingat di sini bahwa dalam sutta2 sering dikatakn bahwa Sang BUddha sering menggunakan metode anupubbikatha (gradual talk) dalam khotbahnya kepada umat awam. Dikatakan bahwa setelah pikiran seseorang menjadi bersih dari rintangan batin, lebih lunak, fleksibel, Sang Buddha kemudian melanjutkan dengan ajaran Ukkamsika dhammdesana (khotbah yang tinggi) yakni 4 Kesunyataan mulia. Kita tahu bahwa kesunyataan mulia terakhir adalah Jalan Mulia berunsur Delapan. Pertanyaannya di sini adalah, jika beberapa faktor dari Jalan ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk umat awam, mengapa Sang Buddha juga menjagarkan seluruh faktor dari Jalan ini kepada umat awam? Kenyataannya, setelah diajarkan kepada umat awam, banyak dari mereka yang mencapai kesucian sotapanna, seperti yasa, orangtua Yasa, raja Bimbisara, Upali, Sonadanda, dll. Ini menunjukkan bahwa Jalan ini terbuka untuk siapa saja termasuk umat awam.

Be happy.

[Sumedho]

mungkin kita bisa merujuk pada

translated from the Pali by
Thanissaro Bhikkhu
© 1997–2009

Dwelling at Savatthi... "Monks, before my Awakening, when I was just an unawakened Bodhisatta, the realization came to me: 'How this world has fallen on difficulty! It is born, it ages, it dies, it falls away & rearises, but it does not discern the escape from this stress, from this aging & death. O when will it discern the escape from this stress, from this aging & death?'

"Then the thought occurred to me, 'Aging & death exist when what exists? From what as a requisite condition is there aging & death?' From my appropriate attention there came the breakthrough of discernment: 'Aging & death exist when birth exists. From birth as a requisite condition comes aging & death.' Then the thought occurred to me, 'Birth exists when what exists? From what as a requisite condition comes birth?' From my appropriate attention there came the breakthrough of discernment: 'Birth exists when becoming exists. From becoming as a requisite condition comes birth... 'Name-&-form exists when what exists? From what as a requisite condition is there name-&-form?' From my appropriate attention there came the breakthrough of discernment: 'Name-&-form exists when consciousness exists. From consciousness as a requisite condition comes name-&-form.' Then the thought occurred to me, 'Consciousness exists when what exists? From what as a requisite condition comes consciousness?' From my appropriate attention there came the breakthrough of discernment: 'Consciousness exists when name-&-form exists. From name-&-form as a requisite condition comes consciousness.'

"Then the thought occurred to me, 'This consciousness turns back at name-&-form, and goes no farther. It is to this extent that there is birth, aging, death, falling away, & re-arising, i.e., from name-&-form as a requisite condition comes consciousness, from consciousness as a requisite condition comes name-&-form. From name-&-form as a requisite condition come the six sense media... Thus is the origination of this entire mass of stress. Origination, origination.' Vision arose, clear knowing arose, discernment arose, knowledge arose, illumination arose within me with regard to things never heard before.

"Then the thought occurred to me, 'Aging & death don't exist when what doesn't exist? From the cessation of what comes the cessation of aging & death?' From my appropriate attention there came the breakthrough of discernment: 'Aging & death don't exist when birth doesn't exist. From the cessation of birth comes the cessation of aging & death.'... 'Name-&-form doesn't exist when what doesn't exist? From the cessation of what comes the cessation of name-&-form?' From my appropriate attention there came the breakthrough of discernment: 'Name-&-form doesn't exist when consciousness doesn't exist. From the cessation of consciousness comes the cessation of name-&-form.' Then the thought occurred to me, 'Consciousness doesn't exist when what doesn't exist? From the cessation of what comes the cessation of consciousness?' From my appropriate attention there came the breakthrough of discernment: 'Consciousness doesn't exist when name-&-form doesn't exist. From the cessation of name-&-form comes the cessation of consciousness.'

"The thought occurred to me, 'I have attained this path to Awakening, i.e., from the cessation of name-&-form comes the cessation of consciousness, from the cessation of consciousness comes the cessation of name-&-form. From the cessation of name-&-form comes the cessation of the six sense media. From the cessation of the six sense media comes the cessation of contact. From the cessation of contact comes the cessation of feeling. From the cessation of feeling comes the cessation of craving. From the cessation of craving comes the cessation of clinging/sustenance. From the cessation of clinging/sustenance comes the cessation of becoming. From the cessation of becoming comes the cessation of birth. From the cessation of birth, then aging & death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair all cease. Thus is the cessation of this entire mass of stress. Cessation, cessation.' Vision arose, clear knowing arose, discernment arose, knowledge arose, illumination arose within me with regard to things never heard before.

"It is just as if a man, traveling along a wilderness track, were to see an ancient path, an ancient road, traveled by people of former times. He would follow it. Following it, he would see an ancient city, an ancient capital inhabited by people of former times, complete with parks, groves, & ponds, walled, delightful. He would go to address the king or the king's minister, saying, 'Sire, you should know that while traveling along a wilderness track I saw an ancient path... I followed it... I saw an ancient city, an ancient capital... complete with parks, groves, & ponds, walled, delightful. Sire, rebuild that city!' The king or king's minister would rebuild the city, so that at a later date the city would become powerful, rich, & well-populated, fully grown & prosperous.

"In the same way I saw an ancient path, an ancient road, traveled by the Rightly Self-awakened Ones of former times. And what is that ancient path, that ancient road, traveled by the Rightly Self-awakened Ones of former times? Just this noble eightfold path: right view, right aspiration, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration. That is the ancient path, the ancient road, traveled by the Rightly Self-awakened Ones of former times. I followed that path. Following it, I came to direct knowledge of aging & death, direct knowledge of the origination of aging & death, direct knowledge of the cessation of aging & death, direct knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of aging & death. I followed that path. Following it, I came to direct knowledge of birth... becoming... clinging... craving... feeling... contact... the six sense media... name-&-form... consciousness, direct knowledge of the origination of consciousness, direct knowledge of the cessation of consciousness, direct knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of consciousness. I followed that path.

"Following it, I came to direct knowledge of fabrications, direct knowledge of the origination of fabrications, direct knowledge of the cessation of fabrications, direct knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of fabrications. Knowing that directly, I have revealed it to monks, nuns, male lay followers & female lay followers, so that this holy life has become powerful, rich, detailed, well-populated, wide-spread, proclaimed among celestial & human beings."