sedikit definisi dari wikipedia:
Theism is the belief in the existence of one or more divinities or deities.
There is also a narrower sense in which theism refers to the belief that one or more divinities are immanent in the world, yet transcend it, along with the idea that divinity(s) is/are omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent.[1]
The term is attested in English from 1678, and was probably coined to contrast with atheism, a term that is attested from ca. 1587 (see the etymology section of atheism for details).
Atheism, as a philosophical view, is the position that either affirms the nonexistence of gods[1] or rejects theism.[2] When defined more broadly, atheism is the absence of belief in deities,[3] alternatively called nontheism.[4] Although atheism is often equated with irreligion, some religious philosophies, such as secular theology and some varieties of Theravada Buddhism, also lack belief in a personal god.
Many self-described atheists are skeptical of all supernatural beings and cite a lack of empirical evidence for the existence of deities. Others argue for atheism on philosophical, social or historical grounds. Although many self-described atheists tend toward secular philosophies such as humanism[5] and naturalism,[6] there is no one ideology or set of behaviors to which all atheists adhere.[7]
The term atheism originated as a pejorative epithet applied to any person or belief in conflict with established religion.[8] With the spread of freethought, scientific skepticism, and criticism of religion, the term began to gather a more specific meaning and was sometimes used as a self-description by atheists.
Nontheism is a term that covers a range of both religious and nonreligious attitudes characterized by the lack of—or simply the exclusion of—the beliefs in a personal god or gods and the general concept of theism. It is in use in the fields of Christian apologetics and general liberal theology. "Nontheism" should not be confused with "non-religion".
Its use can be applied to the ideas of atheism (both weak and strong), agnosticism, ignosticism, and skepticism, as well as to describe the philosophies of certain established religions, including Confucianism, Taoism, Jainism, Buddhism, Falun Gong.
Originally coined as synonymous with secularism, it has become an umbrella term for summarizing various distinct and even mutually exclusive positions united by a naturalist approach, sometimes in the plural, nontheisms.
Gautama Buddha was a notable non-theist: although he did teach that gods (Pali: devas) exist,
he did not center his teaching around these gods, but around the explanation of dukkha (suffering, imperfection) and attaining freedom from it. The Buddha described the view of the existence of a Creator God as an example of a semi-eternalistic belief, and like the 61 other views, this belief causes suffering when one is attached to it and relates to these views with desire, hatred and delusion. At the end of the Sutta the Buddha says he knows these 62 views and he also knows the truth that surpasses them.
Although Buddhism has a vast number of scriptures and practices, the fundamental core of Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, are distinguished in the world of religion as being absent any mention of God(s) or any notion of worship of any deity. They are purely ethical and meditative guidelines based on the truths of psychological suffering due to impermanence.
sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontheismlalu dimana letak beyond theism tersebut?
Topic: Beyond theism (Read 4254 times)