makna om mani padme hum??

[Edward]

Teman2 ada yg isa bantu jelasin makna om mani padme hum??
Di wikipidia sih ada, cma menerut gw terlalu ngebingungin krn definisinya itu dari berbagai tradisi...
Ow iya, klo isa skalian referensi sutra yah...
Biar isa lebh jelas...

[Mangkok]

OM MANI PADME HUM


By His Holiness the Dalai Lama

It is very good to recite the mantra Om mani padme hum, but while you are doing it, you should be thinking on its meaning, for the meaning of the six syllables is great and vast. The first, Om is composed of three letters, A, U, and M. These symbolize the practitioner' s impure body, speech, and mind; they also symbolize the pure exalted body, speech, and mind of a Buddha.

Can impure body, speech, and mind be transformed into pure body, speech, and mind, or are they entirely separate? All Buddhas are cases of beings who were like ourselves and then in dependence on the path became enlightened; Buddhism does not assert that there is anyone who from the beginning is free from faults and possesses all good qualities. The development of pure body, speech, and mind comes from gradually leaving the impure states arid their being transformed into the pure.
How is this done? The path is indicated by the next four syllables. Mani, meaning jewel, symbolizes the factors of method-the altruistic intention to become enlightened, compassion, and love. Just as a jewel is capable of removing poverty, so the altruistic mind of enlightenment is capable of removing the poverty, or difficulties, of cyclic existence and of solitary peace. Similarly, just as a jewel fulfills the wishes of sentient beings, so the altruistic intention to become enlightened fulfills the wishes of sentient beings.
The two syllables, padme, meaning lotus, symbolize wisdom. Just as a lotus grows forth from mud but is not sullied by the faults of mud, so wisdom is capable of putting you in a situation of non-contradiction whereas there would be contradiction if you did not have wisdom. There is wisdom realizing impermanence, wisdom realizing that persons are empty, of being self-sufficient or substantially existent, wisdom that realizes the emptiness of duality-that is to say, of difference of entity between subject an object-and wisdom that realizes the emptiness of inherent existence. Though there are many different types of wisdom, the main of all these is the wisdom realizing emptiness.
Purity must be achieved by an indivisible unity of method and wisdom, symbolized by the final syllable hum, which indicates indivisibility. According to the sutra system, this indivisibility of method and wisdom refers to wisdom affected by method and method affected by wisdom. In the mantra, or tantric, vehicle, it refers to one consciousness in which there is the full form of both wisdom and method as one undifferentiable entity. In terms of the seed syllables of the five Conqueror Buddhas, hum is the seed syllable of Akshobhya - the immovable, the unfluctuating, that which cannot be disturbed by anything.
Thus the six syllables, om mani padme hum, mean that in dependence on the practice of a path which is an indivisible union of method and wisdom, you can transform your impure body, speech, and mind into the pure exalted body, speech, and mind of a Buddha. It is said that you should not seek for Buddhahood outside of yourself; the substances for the achievement of Buddhahood are within. As Maitreya says in his Sublime Continuum of the Great Vehicle (Uttaratantra) , all beings naturally have the Buddha nature in their own continuum. We have within us the seed of purity, the essence of a One Gone Thus (Tathagatagarbha) , that is to be transformed and fully developed into Buddhahood.

source: http://www.tibet. com/Buddhism/ om-mantra. html

Moga-moga bisa membantu 

Terima kasih

[Edward]

Ada referensi sutta-nya ga yah??
 

[Mangkok]

Maaf bro, aku sendiri belum tau suttanya 

Cuma dibawah ada kutipan tentang manfaat yang disertai sumber teks kutipan (kelihatan kebanyakan dari teks Tantra). Aku kutip dari internet juga, moga2 bermanfaat dan menimbulkan hal2 positif dalam batin kita semua. Moga2 tidak menimbulkan kesalahpahaman apapun dan bila ada kesalahpahaman yang timbul, moga2 segera lenyap digantikan dengan kebijaksanaan unggul.

Catatan: Untuk mengurangi kesalahpahaman yang mungkin muncul tentang berbagai manfaat dari mantra ini, mohon diingat kembali juga makna dari mantra ini, seperti salah satu rujukan dari HH Dalai Lama di atas.

Terima kasih


The Benefits of the Mantra By Lama Zopa Rinpoche

The benefits of reciting Compassion Buddha mantra are infinite, like the limitless sky.

Even if one doesn't have much intellectual understanding of Dharma, even if the only thing that you know is Om Mani Padme Hum, still the happiest life is a life lived with an attitude free of the eight worldly concerns. If one lives one's life with that pure attitude free of attachment clinging to this life and then just spends one's life chanting Om Mani Padme Hum - this six-syllable mantra that is the essence of all Dharma - that's the purest Dharma.
It looks very simple, very easy to recite. But it's not simple when one thinks of the benefits.

Here I'm going to mention just the essence of the infinite benefits:
Reciting this Compassion Buddha mantra one time completely purifies the four defeats of breaking the four root vows of liberation for self [Pratimoksha vows] and purifies the five uninterrupted negative karmas.
It is said in the tantra Padmatrawa (rgyud padma trwaba) that it purifies the four root and five uninterrupted, and that all the negative karma without exception get purified.


It is also said in the discourse called Exalted Eleven-Faced One:
"Bhagawan (Destroyed, Qualified, Gone Beyond), my heart mantra has such great miracle power that by reciting it one time, the four root downfalls of liberation for self are purified."
If one recites precisely as explained in the text, there is no question that one gets all these benefits.

It is also mentioned in the tantra that one achieves the four qualities of being born in the Amitabha Buddha pure land and other pure lands, at the time of death, one will see Buddha and lights happen in the sky (meaning white light or different colored clouds appear), the devas make offerings, and one never goes to the lower realms [the hell, hungry ghost and animals realms]. One will go to the pure land of Buddha or one will be reborn as a happy migrator being.

It is written in the tantra text Padma Chöpen gyi Gyud:
"Sons and daughters of the race, anyone who recites the mantra Om Mani Padme Hum while thinking of me, even just one time, or just even remembering or keeping [the mantra] on the body, purifies five uninterrupted negative karmas, the nearing five uninterrupted negative karmas and all the negative karmas and they abandon the eight realms where there is no opportunity to practice Dharma: hell, preta, animal realm and so forth. "One will not experience suffering of body, speech and mind. One will be free from fears of vicious animals, cannibals, human beings, non-human beings and sickness. One will actualize the meaning of Dharmakaya; one will see the holy face of Great Compassion, the rupakaya."
One who recites ten malas a day, if they go into the water to swim, whether into a river, ocean or whatever, the water that touches the person gets blessed.

It is said that up to seven generations of that person's descendents won't get reborn in the lower realms - hell, hungry ghost and so forth. The reason for this is that due to the power of mantra, the body is blessed by the person's reciting the mantra and visualizing their body in form of the holy body of Chenrezig. Therefore, the body becomes so powerful, so blessed that this affects the consciousness up to seven generations and has the effect that if one dies with a non-virtuous thought, one is not reborn in lower realm.
Also, when such a person who has recited ten malas of Om Mani Padme Hum goes into water - it can be a river or ocean - the water that touches the person's body gets blessed, and then this blessed water purifies all sentient beings, however many billions of billions there are in the water, for example in the ocean. So it's unbelievably beneficial


That person who does the meditation and recites the mantra when they go into the water, even to swim or play in the water, saves the animals in that water from the most unbelievable suffering of the lower realms. If that person is walking in the road and the wind touches that person's body and then goes on to touch insects, their negative karma gets purified and it causes them to have a good rebirth.
You have to understand that similarly, when that person does massage and touches others' bodies, the negative karma of those people gets purified.


Such a person becomes meaningful to behold; being seen and touched by others all becomes a means to liberate other sentient beings. If a person who did Nyung Ne well is on top of a mountain and down below someone else sees that person, their negative karma gets purified.
Some of these benefits are mentioned in the tantra Thuk Je Chen po Ton Shak Pe Gyu.
So this means that even if the person's breath touches other sentient beings' bodies, their negative karma gets purified. Anybody who drinks the water where such a person swims gets purified.

A very high Amdo lama, Kungthang Jampelyang, said:
"If you are able to request from the heart, even if you do Nyung Ne for one day and recite the six-syllable mantra, even though you have created the negative karma to be reborn in the hell realm without break and be burned there for years equaling the sand grains of this big earth, even those karmas get purified."

This is mentioned in a tantra text that this lama quotes. Kungthang Jampelyang also said:
"You have collected limitless negative karma created from beginningless rebirths, and even in this life you may transgress the three vows, collect negative karma with the gurus and with vajra friends, then with the holy objects of the Three Rare Sublime Ones, and carelessly used the polluted food and so forth [food offered by people with devotion or which was offered to the Sangha community by people with faith]. As you are abiding on the precipice of the hell realms, when you meet such Dharma as this, if you do have a mind, then there is no choice. You have to put all your capacity into this practice."

It is also written in the sutra called Samato go pe Do:
"If this six-syllable mantra is written by hand on rocks or on stone walls and then men, women, children, daughters, sons and any sentient being touch this mantra with their hand or look at it, just by merely seeing it they become Bodhisattvas of the end of samsara."
In a text composed by the very learned Sera Je Geshe, Geshe Jampa Chodrak:
"Thus, by meditating on the holy body of Compassion Buddha just once, hearing the holy name just once or keeping the word memorized or seeing the six-syllable mantra written or just touching it by hand, one gets protected from spirits called De and spirits called Za, which cause paralysis, from Yamas, evil vicious animals, diseases, dangers and harm from human beings and non-human beings, and whatever wishes of this life one has - such as long life, wealth, power and so forth - get fulfilled exactly as wished. Then the five uninterrupted negative karmas and so forth, such as extremely heavy negative karma collected from beginningless time get purified, and one receives good rebirth through all one's future lives and one is able to see Compassion Buddha's holy face and so forth.

"If it is said that there are such limitless skies of benefits from remembering the qualities of Arya Compassionate-Eyed One and remembering the kindness and blessings and even just reciting the holy name, then one must attempt to practice, making offerings and requests and so forth."

These comments come from a text by Geshe Jampa Chodrak and I also say the same thing.
We are unbelievably fortunate to have met with the Dharma and to have the opportunity to do recitation and meditation on Compassion Buddha. It is so easy to purify whatever negative karma collected, not just in this life, but in past lives.
Because we have met the Buddha Dharma, and especially this method, the practice of Compassion Buddha and recitation of the mantra, it is so easy to purify negative karma and collect extensive merit and so it is easy to achieve enlightenment. So we are unbelievably fortunate.

Therefore, there is nothing more foolish than not taking advantage when one has this great opportunity. Normally, one gets distracted continuously, and wastes one's own life. Not only that, but all the actions done with ego and with the three poisonous minds [anger, attachment and ignorance] create negative karma, the cause of suffering. Using this perfect human body to create only suffering - nothing more foolish than this can be found in existence. If you're feeling guilt in your life, through purification, you overcome this.


The retreat is not just chanting mantras with sadhanas, but also includes taking eight Mahayana precepts, if not every day, at least frequently. That day, whatever merit you collect increases 100,000 times. This becomes such an easy way, a quick way, to purify, collect extensive merit, achieve enlightenment and liberate sentient beings from unimaginable sufferings and bring them to enlightenment quickly.
Even if you know the teachings on how to meditate on bodhicitta, you still need to receive the special blessings of the deity, Compassion Buddha, therefore you need to do meditation and recitation to pursue the deity's blessing.

Therefore the recitation of this mantra is one way to actualize bodhicitta, to be able to transform the mind into bodhicitta, and to make your meditation on bodhicitta effective. Generally, according to my experience, in my home Solo-Khumbu in the Himalayas in Nepal, there are people who live their life chanting Om Mani Padme Hum and have no idea of the three principles of the path, not even the words. They can't read or even know the alphabet, but have great devotion to compassion and bodhicitta and live their lives reciting Om Mani Padme Hum. Such people are warm-hearted, very kind, very compassionate. This is a proof from my experience that it has effect of transforming the mind into a good heart and compassion.

Without bodhicitta, you cannot cause all the happiness for all sentient beings. You cannot do perfect work for all sentient beings. That cannot happen, and you cannot achieve the complete qualities of the realizations and cessation, even for yourself.

Colophon:
Composed by Lama Zopa Rinpoche during a stay at Deer Park Buddhist Center in Madison, Wisconsin in July, 2000. Scribed and edited by Lhundup Damchö, © FPMT, 2000

[Sumedho]

It is said that up to seven generations of that person's descendents won't get reborn in the lower realms - hell, hungry ghost and so forth. The reason for this is that due to the power of mantra, the body is blessed by the person's reciting the mantra and visualizing their body in form of the holy body of Chenrezig. Therefore, the body becomes so powerful, so blessed that this affects the consciousness up to seven generations and has the effect that if one dies with a non-virtuous thought, one is not reborn in lower realm.

Apakah artinya kamma itu diturunkan?

[Edward]

Iya nih...Sedikit rancu...
Gw heran, mantra om mani padme hum itu hampir sama terkenal dan bnyk yg melafalkan seperti maha karuna dharani...
Tapi koq penjelasannya simpang siur yah?

Mksd gw simpang siur ialah, gw search di google sih bnyk, tapi tiap tradisi memberikan makna yg beda2..Walaupun, msh ada link jg sih....

[El Sol]

Karena mantra itu semuanya sama...cuma alat buat kamma baek melalui pikiran,mulut dan tindakan...gk ada makhluk luar yg ngelindungin loe krn baca mantra...yg ada jg kamma kamu yg lindungin loe..

[Edward]

It is said that up to seven generations of that person's descendents won't get reborn in the lower realms - hell, hungry ghost and so forth. The reason for this is that due to the power of mantra, the body is blessed by the person's reciting the mantra and visualizing their body in form of the holy body of Chenrezig. Therefore, the body becomes so powerful, so blessed that this affects the consciousness up to seven generations and has the effect that if one dies with a non-virtuous thought, one is not reborn in lower realm.

Apakah artinya kamma itu diturunkan?

Mungkin maksudnya keturunannya adalah org2 yg kamma-ny baik? Jadi bukan krn pelafalan trus anaknya mendapat karma baik,tapi krn pelafalan tersebut akan punya anak yg emank kamma-ny udh baik dari sononya..

Menurut gw sih gtu...

[Mangkok]

Secara jujur aku juga ga ngerti. Kenapa aku forward teks ini adalah karena bahwa sumbernya adalah Lama Zopa yang aku klo ga salah adalah pemimpin spiritual dari FPMT yang organisasinya sudah ada di berbagai dunia.
Namun, penjelasan tentang manfaatnya aku sendiri belum pernah dengar.

Tentang mantra yang bisa aku share dari yg pernah aku dengar adalah bahwa mantra berasal dari kata manos dan traya. Manos berarti pikiran dan traya perlindungan, jadi kurang lebih mantra berarti perlindungan pikiran. Tentunya perlindungan disini kurang lebih adalah melindungi pikiran kita dari menciptakan sebab2 negatif yang akan membawa penderitaan.

Nah, klo tentang apakah karma diwariskan, saya kira tidak ada ajaran Buddhis yang mengajarkan ataupun setuju dengan itu. Semua ajaran Buddhis mengatakan bahwa karma adalah pasti dan tidak mungkin kita mengalami akibat dari karma yang tidak kita lakukan. Jadi, di situ tentunya ada penjelasan juga, misalkan meskipun "karma warisan" kelihatan seperti terjadi, tapi itu jelas bukan diwariskan, tetapi karena mereka memang menciptakan karma utk mengalami hal itu.
Sekali lagi karena saya sendiri belum pernah dengar, ya saya jg belum bisa menjelaskan.
Namun, klo sekedar berpendapat, menurut saya, manfaat itu mungkin terjadi atau tidak banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi. Kita tahu bahwa satu karma tidak akan berbuah klo kondisinya tidak mendukung untuk berbuah. Selain itu, ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kekuatan karma yang kita hasilkan, mempengaruhi seberapa besar potensi karma yang kita tanam. Misalnya motivasi, klo motivasi kita tidak murni atau tidak baik, tentunya kita meragukan karma yang dilakukan termasuk karma baik, meskipun perbuatannya kelihatannya baik. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi kekuatan karma adalah objeknya sendiri. Kita tahu bahwa kekuatan karma yang kita hasilkan dengan melakukan satu perbuatan tertentu yang sama, tetapi objeknya berbeda misal terhadap Buddha, terhadap Arahat, orang tua, atau orang biasa, kekuatan karmanya juga berbeda karena kualitas objek atau ladangnya berbeda juga. Ada juga faktor lainnya misal cara kita melakukan perbuatan tersebut, dan lain2.

Tentang penjelasan yang berbeda2, sebenarnya juga kita bisa tinjau dari beberapa hal. Kita tahu bahwa persepsi2 kita sangat dipengaruhi oleh karma kita. Kekuatan karma yang berbeda memaksa dua orang melihat satu hal yang sama jadi berbeda. Hal ini bisa kita lihat sendiri dalam kehidupan kita sehari2, sangat banyak contohnya. Nah, mungkin hal ini terjadi juga dalam penjelasan ttg makna mantra ini. Mungkin juga mereka menjelaskan karena penjelasan itu yang dirasakan akan paling bermanfaat bagi pengikutnya. Mungkin mereka menekankan hal2 yang berbeda karena memang melihat dari sudut pandang yang berbeda. Dan masih banyak kemungkinan lain yang bisa disampaikan.
Namun, terlepas dari semua hal itu, sebaiknya kita mengambil penjelasan yang sesuai dengan kita, dalam arti memberikan manfaat terbesar kepada kita. Kita sangat disarankan tidak menerima satu hal begitu saja, kita sebaiknya menganalisanya sendiri, mengujinya, mengeceknya. Klo kita tidak punya kemampuan untuk menganalisa, mgk beda perkara, perlu pendekatan lain. Jadi, bila ada penjelasan yang kita anggap aneh, ada baiknya kita analisa sendiri. Perlu kita ingat juga, belum tentu penjelasan yang pada saat itu kita anggap aneh, salah,atau tidak bisa kita terima itu benar2 salah, sering terjadi (saya mengalaminya sendiri) bagaimana kita kadang membaca sesuatu yang pada awalnya kita tidak ngerti, namun seriring berkembangnya pemahaman kita, pada saat kita baca lagi baru kita ngerti apa yang dimaksudkan sebenarnya, atau sering juga timbul berbagai pemahaman baru tentang satu teks yang kita baca berulang2 (setiap kali kita baca, ada saja pemahaman baru yang kita dapatkan yang)

Mungkin teman2 lain yang punya pemahaman yang lebih jauh bisa menambahkan.


Terima kasih

[Edward]

Yup, gw jg setubuh, setuju am mangkok..
Sebenernya knp gw buka thread ini krn gw memank lagi mencari pemahan ttng mantra tersebut yg katanya merupakan inti sutra2 mahayana yg katanya jg akan memberikan efek2 positif, baik yg rasional maupun kaga.

Gw percaya kalo efek dari mantra itu positif, tapi gw kaga mao  dasar pikiran gw untuk membaca mantra ialah iming2 yg kaga jelas, seperti kekayaan, dll...

Menurut gw, pembahasan seperti ini berhubungan luas dengan pemahaman tradisi mahayana secara luas..Banyak kaum mahayana yg terlalu memfokuskan pembacaan mantra dengan efek samping duniawi..Karena itu tibullah pemahaman yg salah ttng tradisi mahayana...Tapi, disamping itu jg, menurut gw sih masih ok2 aja lha

Tante gw dari dulu slalu bilang, klo mo mendalami agama buddha, pelajari dulu konsep dasarnya dlm tradisi theravada, karena klo langsung mempelajari mahayana, akan ada kecenderungan untuk timbul pemahaman yang salah. Gw baru bnr2 ngerti kata2 tante gw sekarang, klo dulu mah cma iya2 doank...  

[Sumedho]

still, tetap masih belum nyambung nih... 

It is said that up to seven generations of that person's descendents won't get reborn in the lower realms - hell, hungry ghost and so forth. The reason for this is that due to the power of mantra, the body is blessed by the person's reciting the mantra and visualizing their body in form of the holy body of Chenrezig. Therefore, the body becomes so powerful, so blessed that this affects the consciousness up to seven generations and has the effect that if one dies with a non-virtuous thought, one is not reborn in lower realm.
Also, when such a person who has recited ten malas of Om Mani Padme Hum goes into water - it can be a river or ocean - the water that touches the person's body gets blessed, and then this blessed water purifies all sentient beings, however many billions of billions there are in the water, for example in the ocean. So it's unbelievably beneficial


That person who does the meditation and recites the mantra when they go into the water, even to swim or play in the water, saves the animals in that water from the most unbelievable suffering of the lower realms. If that person is walking in the road and the wind touches that person's body and then goes on to touch insects, their negative karma gets purified and it causes them to have a good rebirth.
You have to understand that similarly, when that person does massage and touches others' bodies, the negative karma of those people gets purified.


Such a person becomes meaningful to behold; being seen and touched by others all becomes a means to liberate other sentient beings. If a person who did Nyung Ne well is on top of a mountain and down below someone else sees that person, their negative karma gets purified.
Some of these benefits are mentioned in the tantra Thuk Je Chen po Ton Shak Pe Gyu.
So this means that even if the person's breath touches other sentient beings' bodies, their negative karma gets purified. Anybody who drinks the water where such a person swims gets purified.

[nyanadhana]

  selama pikiran itu baik,mantra apa aja akan berguna,karena letaknya adalah dipikiran kita masing-masing. sama halnya dengan membaca paritta. fungsinya bukan untuk masa lampau,namun lebih mencegah kamma buruk di masa depan.

Om Mani Padme Hum = Mekarlah Intan(Mani) diatas Bunga Teratai(Padma)

[hengki]

Master Chin Kung, Sesepuh ALiran Sukhavati mengatakan bahwa Mantra, Paritta maupun Melafal Nama Buddha semuanya sama, semuanya Manjur bila kita Mengucapkannya dengan Penuh Konsentrasi, Percaya serta tidak timbul pikiran lain selama kita Membaca Sutra, Mantra ataupun Melafal Nama Buddha.
Semakin pendek Mantra maka akan semakin mudah kita konsentrasi.
Kalau dipikir-pikir benar juga karena kalau Mantra atau Sutra yang panjang kan susah banget mau konsentrasi full selama membacanya.

Di samping itu juga harus menjalankan Pancasila dan melakukan banyak Perbuatan Baik baru baca Mantra, Sutra atau Melafal Nama Buddha membawa Manfaat yang nyata bagi kita.

Semoga bermanfaat.

[El Sol]

Gw kalo beol konsennya bisa sampe jhana 4

[Mangkok]

 
Sekedar memberikan sedikit pendapat yang moga2 bermanfaat. Klo menurut saya, manfaat itu akan bisa diwujudkan bila kita benar2 merealisasikan apa yang dimaksudkan dalam mantra ini. Salah satunya klo saya mengacu pada penjelasan HH Dalai Lama adalah mentransformasikan tubuh, ucapan dan batin kita menjd tubuh, ucapan dan batin Buddha. Berkaitan dengan ini, kita perlu pula mengetahui kualitas2 apa saja yang dimiliki seorang Buddha. Mungkin tiap tradisi menjelaskan kualitas2 Buddha dengan caranya sendiri2. Namun karena ini adalah tradisi Mahayana, mungkin ada baiknya kita mengacu pada penjelasan kualitas seorang Buddha dalam Mahayana (saya pribadi kurang tahu penjelasan kualitas Buddha dalam tradisi lain selain Lamrim), dengan mempelajari hal ini, baru kita akan memahami apakah hal ini mungkin terjadi atau tidak. Untuk kualitas seorg Buddha, salah satu teks yang saya tahu cukup detil adalah pada topik berlindung dalam buku "Liberation in our Hands jilid 2". Kadam Choeling bandung juga sudah menerjemahkan topik berlindung ini dlm satu buku kecil. Pada dasarnya, di sana digambarkan berbagai kualitas2 luar biasa yang dimiliki seorang Buddha yang mungkin di luar pemahaman kita. Secara kasar, kita bisa mengatakan bahwa tidak ada satu bagian pun dari Buddha (tubuh, ucapan, dan batinnya) yang tidak akan membawa manfaat yang tak terhingga bagi berbagai makhluk. Tentunya manfaat ini dirasakan berbeda-beda sesuai dengan kapasitas dan karma masing2 makhluk. Hal ini sering dianalogikan sebagai bayangan bulan dan air. Bayangan bulan akan muncul pada air apapun sepanjang air tersebut jernih, tidak keruh, bahkan pada tetesan air di daun. Demikian halnya aktivitas Buddha akan dirasakan manfaatnya selama batin makhluk yang bersangkutan jernih. Mohon maaf bila hal ini malah menimbulkan pertanyaan baru dan bukannya memperjelas masalah. Seperti yang saya bilang sebelumnya, saya belum pernah mendapat penjelasn ttg topik ini


Terima kasih